Nonlinear response of laterally loaded piles and pile groups     

Wei Dong Guo 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(7):879-914

In spite of extensive studies on laterally loaded piles carried out over years, none of them offers an expedite approach as to gaining the nonlinear response and its associated depth of mobilization of limiting force along each pile in a group. To serve such a need, elastic–plastic solutions for free‐head, laterally loaded piles were developed recently by the author. They allow the response to be readily computed from elastic state right up to failure, by assigning a series of slip depths, and a limiting force profile. In this paper, equivalent solutions for fixed‐head (FixH) single piles were developed. They are subsequently extended to cater for response of pile groups by incorporating p‐multipliers. The newly established solutions were substantiated by existing numerical solutions for piles and pile groups. They offer satisfactory prediction of the nonlinear response of all the 6 single piles and 24 pile groups investigated so far after properly considering the impact of semi‐FixH restraints. They also offer the extent to ultimate state of pile groups via the evaluated slip depths. The study allows ad hoc guidelines to be established for determining input parameters for the solutions. The solutions are tailored for routine prediction of the nonlinear interaction of laterally loaded FixH piles and capped pile groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hydrological processes of a closed catchment‐lake system in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment     

Marcello Niedda  Mario Pirastru 《水文研究》2013,27(25):3617-3626

Data collected in 4 years of field observations were used in conjunction with continuous simulation models to study, at the small‐basin scale, the water balance of a closed catchment‐lake system in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment. The open water evaporation was computed with the Penman equation, using the data set collected in the middle of the lake. The surface runoff was partly measured at the main tributary and partly simulated using a distributed, catchment, hydrological model, calibrated with the observed discharge. The simplified structure of the developed modelling mainly concerns soil moisture dynamics and bedrock hydraulics, whereas the flow components are physically based. The calibration produced high efficiency coefficients and showed that surface runoff is greatly affected by soil water percolation into fractured bedrock. The bedrock reduces the storm‐flow peaks and the interflow and has important multi‐year effects on the annual runoff coefficients. The net subsurface outflow from the lake was calculated as the residual of the lake water balance. It was almost constant in the dry seasons and increased in the wet seasons, because of the moistening of the unsaturated soil. During the years of observation, rainfall 30% higher than average caused abundant runoff and a continuous rise in the lake water levels. The analysis allows to predict that, in years with lower than the average rainfall, runoff will be drastically reduced and will not be able to compensate for negative balance between precipitation and lake evaporation. Such highly unsteady situations, with great fluctuations in lake levels, are typical of closed catchment‐lake systems in the semi‐arid Mediterranean environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A new closed‐form solution for analysis of unlined pressure tunnels under seepage forces     

Ahamad Fahimifar  Mohammad Reza Zareifard 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(11):1591-1613

In this study, a simplified analytical closed‐form solution, considering plane strain and axial symmetry conditions, for analysis of a circular pressure tunnel excavated underwater table, is developed. The method accounts for the seepage forces with the steady‐state flow and is based on the generalized effective stress law. To examine the effect of pore pressure variations and also the boundary conditions at the ground surface, the formulations are derived for different directions around the tunnel. The proposed method can be applied for analysis and design of pressure tunnels. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution and also to examine the effect of seepage forces on the stability of tunnels. The simplified analytical solution derived in this study is compared with numerical analyses. It is concluded that the classic solutions (Lame's thick‐walled solution), considering the internal pressure as a mechanical load applied to the tunnel surface, are not applicable to pervious media and can result in an unsafe design. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The influence of prolonged mouth closure on selected components of the hyperbenthos in the littoral zone of the temporarily open/closed Kasouga Estuary,South Africa     

P.W. Froneman  T.O. Henninger 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

The influence of prolonged mouth closure on the population dynamics of the caridian shrimp, Palaemon peringueyi and the estuarine isopod, Exosphaeroma hylocoetes, in the littoral zone of temporarily open/closed Kasouga Estuary located on the south-eastern coastline of southern Africa was assessed monthly over the period October 2007 to September 2008. Prolonged mouth closure of the estuary contributed to hypersaline conditions (psu > 35) prevailing throughout the estuary for the last four months of the study. The high salinities coincided with a decrease in the areal extent (up to 80%) of the submerged macrophytes, mainly Ruppia maritima, within the littoral zone of the estuary. Total abundance and biomass values of the shrimp and isopod over the period of investigation ranged from 0 to 14.6 ind m⁻², from 0 to 13.3 mg dwt m⁻², from 12 to 1540 ind m⁻² and from 0.1 to 2.16 mg dwt m⁻², respectively. Maximum values of both the shrimp and isopod were recorded in the upper reaches of the estuary in close association with R. maritima. Over the course of the investigation, both the abundance and biomass values of the shrimp decreased significantly (P < 0.05 in both cases) which could be related to reduced habitat availability, R. maritima, that acts as a refuge against fish predation. Additionally, the decrease in abundance and biomass values could be attributed to reduced recruitment opportunities for the shrimp and the cessation of reproduction in the estuarine isopod. The establishment of a link to the marine environment following an overtopping event in September 2008 contributed to a decrease in salinity within the system although no recruitment of either the isopod or shrimp was recorded.  相似文献   

The concept of an estuary: A definition that incorporates systems which can become closed to the ocean and hypersaline     

Ian C. Potter  Benjamin M. Chuwen  Steeg D. Hoeksema  Michael Elliott 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

The majority of the definitions of estuaries have been based on the characteristics of estuaries in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. As previously pointed out (Day, 1980), such definitions do not take into account such features as periodic closure of their mouths and hypersaline conditions during dry periods, which characterise many estuaries in southern Africa and south-western Australia. There is also ambiguity as to whether an estuary sensu stricto must be fed by a river. The following definition was developed to encompass the main characteristics of all estuaries: An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of water that is either permanently or periodically open to the sea and which receives at least periodic discharge from a river(s), and thus, while its salinity is typically less than that of natural sea water and varies temporally and along its length, it can become hypersaline in regions when evaporative water loss is high and freshwater and tidal inputs are negligible. Estuaries are thus regarded as unique ecosystems, which, in the case of fishes, for example, are occupied by species that collectively represent a particular suite of guilds.  相似文献   

Melting and diffusion processes in closed-system migmatization     

S. MAALØE 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1992,10(4):503-516

Estimated variations in mineral concentrations across leucosomes suggest that leucosomes are generated during anatexis by a diffusive exchange between the leucosome and the mesosome, and not by the migration of melt from the mesosome. However, the presence of melt is a precondition for the diffusive exchange to take place. Initially a crack is formed due to shear stress. The formation of a crack allows a diffusive exchange to take place through the melt, which causes melting of minerals situated near the crack. The diffusive exchange of material is less efficient in the mesosome where the melt is isolated at grain corners and edges. The microcline enrichment of some granitic leucosomes is thought to be due to the diffusive depletion of the mesosome caused by growth of alkali feldspar during the consolidation of the migmatite. In general, it seems unnecessary to invoke concentrations of water in the leucosome or the intrusion of external fluids or magmas for migmatite formation.  相似文献   

The Irish Sea cod recovery plan: some lessons learned     

Kelly  Ciaran J.; Codling  Edward A.; Rogan  Emer 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2006,63(4):600-610

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Assessing effects of closed seasons in tropical and subtropical penaeid shrimp fisheries using a length-based yield-per-recruit model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ye  Y. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1998,55(6):1112-1124

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ENSO--热带海洋和大气中和谐的海气相互作用现象   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

巢纪平 《海洋科学进展》2002,20(3):1-8

简要评述了ENSO的发展过程.着重指出,厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜海温距平信号一般都在温跃层曲面传播和发展,海温距平信号在暖池次表层生成和发展后,沿赤道温跃层向东、向上传播,到赤道东太平洋后,信号一般向北传播,在10°N附近向西传播并南下到暖池的赤道纬度形成一个循环,这一循环的时间一般是3～4 a.这些观测事实的揭示是对ENSO循环的新认识.  相似文献   

闭合气压系统环流指数的定义及计算   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

王盘兴  卢楚翰  管兆勇  李尚锋  姚菊香  严厉 《南京气象学院学报》2007,30(6):730-735

定义了球面上单个气压系统的面积S、强度P、中心位置(λc,φc)3种环流指数;结合NCEP/NCAR月平均气压(位势高度)场资料,给出了它们的计算方法.实际计算了历年逐月500 hPa北半球极涡的上述环流指数,求得它们的逐月多年平均(气候)值.初步分析表明,它们能简洁定量地描述北半球极涡的季节变化和年际异常特征.S、P、(λc,φc)的定义和算法,也适用于极涡以外的其他闭合气压系统或球面上其他要素场中的闭合系统.  相似文献